Binary search

Searching a sorted collection by repeatedly dividing the search range in half.

Linear search

Searching by checking elements one by one.

Sorting

Arranging elements into a defined order.

Space complexity

A measure of how memory usage grows as input size increases.

Time complexity

A measure of how runtime grows as input size increases.

Array

An ordered collection of elements stored by index.

Array traversal

Visiting elements of an array one by one.

Dynamic array

A resizable array-like collection.

Indexing

Accessing an element in a collection by its position.

Key-value map

A collection that stores values by keys rather than numeric position.

Object

A value that groups related properties together.

Property

A named value stored inside an object or class instance.

Queue

A first-in first-out data structure.

Set

A collection of unique values.

Stack

A last-in first-out data structure.

String

A sequence of characters representing text.

Break statement

A statement that immediately exits the current loop or switch.

Continue statement

A statement that skips the rest of the current loop iteration.

Else clause

Alternative branch executed when the if condition is false.

Else-if chain

A sequence of conditional checks evaluated in order.

For loop

A loop structure commonly used for counted or controlled iteration.

If statement

Conditional branching that runs code only when a condition is true.

Nested loop

A loop placed inside another loop.

Switch statement

A branching structure that selects a path based on one value.

While loop

A loop that repeats while a condition remains true.

Edge case

An unusual or boundary scenario that still must be handled correctly.

Error handling

Detecting and responding to runtime or logical errors.

Exception

An abnormal event or error that interrupts normal program flow.

Input validation

Checking whether provided data is acceptable before using it.

Off-by-one error

A mistake caused by being one step too high or too low in counting or indexing.

Arithmetic operator

An operator used for numeric calculations such as plus or multiply.

Boolean condition

An expression that evaluates to true or false.

Comparison operator

An operator used to compare two values and produce true or false.

Expression

Code that evaluates to a value.

Logical operator

An operator used to combine or negate boolean expressions.

Operator precedence

The rules that determine the order of evaluation in an expression.

Statement

A complete instruction executed by the program.

Copy semantics

Creating an independent duplicate of a value.

Null value

A special value representing the absence of an object or value.

Pass by reference

Passing access to the original value into a function.

Pass by value

Passing a copy of a value into a function.

Pointer

A value that stores the memory address of another value.

Reference

Accessing or pointing to an existing value rather than copying it.

Undefined value

A value representing something not yet assigned or initialized in some languages.

Block scope

Visibility of a variable limited to a block surrounded by braces.

Function scope

Visibility of a variable limited to the function where it is declared.

Global scope

Visibility of a variable across a large part of the program.

Lifetime

The period during which a variable or object exists in memory.

Shadowing

When an inner variable hides another variable with the same name in an outer scope.

Constant

A value binding that cannot be reassigned after creation.

Literal

A fixed value written directly in source code.

Null value

A special value representing the absence of an object or value.

Primitive data type

A basic built-in value type such as integer, boolean, or string.

Type annotation

Explicitly specifying the type of a variable, parameter, or return value.

Type conversion

Changing a value from one type into another type.

Type inference

Automatically determining a type from the assigned value or context.

Undefined value

A value representing something not yet assigned or initialized in some languages.

Variable assignment

Giving a value to a variable after declaration or during declaration.

Variable declaration

Creating a named variable in code.